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AML-глосарій
38 термінів, що використовуються в крипто-комплаєнсі, аналізі ризику блокчейну й AML-операціях. Написано для практиків, а не юристів.
AMLKYCKYBRisk ScoreRisk LevelSanctions ScreeningOFACSDNSARSTRFATFTravel RuleVASPMixerCoinJoinTransaction GraphHop DistanceFalse PositiveBlind ProtocolKYTWatchlistSnapshotEvidence PackOSINTMiCACASPPeel ChainAddress PoisoningPig ButcheringDust AttackFlash LoanRug PullHoneypot TokenContagion ScoreSource of FundsCDDEDDPEP
AML (Anti-Money Laundering)
Laws, regulations, and procedures designed to prevent criminals from disguising illegally obtained funds as legitimate income. In crypto, AML involves screening wallet addresses, monitoring transactions, and reporting suspicious activity.
Пов'язані:KYCSARFATF
KYC (Know Your Customer)
The process of verifying the identity of clients. Exchanges and financial institutions are required to collect identification documents before allowing transactions. Sanctuary focuses on AML (wallet risk), not KYC (identity verification).
Пов'язані:KYBAML
KYB (Know Your Business)
Similar to KYC but applied to business entities. Involves verifying company registration, beneficial ownership, and business legitimacy. Required for merchant onboarding in regulated jurisdictions.
Пов'язані:KYC
Risk Score
A numerical value (0–100 in Sanctuary) representing the assessed risk level of a wallet address. Based on multiple data sources, behavioral analysis, and intelligence feeds. Higher score = higher risk.
Пов'язані:Risk LevelScoring Methodology
Risk Level
A categorical classification derived from the risk score. Sanctuary uses 5 levels: Clean (0–9), Low (10–33), Medium (34–66), High (67–89), Critical (90–100). Each level triggers different recommended actions.
Пов'язані:Risk Score
Sanctions Screening
Checking addresses against official sanctions lists (OFAC SDN, EU, UN, UK HMT). Any match results in a Critical risk level. This is a regulatory requirement — not optional for regulated entities.
Пов'язані:OFACSDN
OFAC (Office of Foreign Assets Control)
A U.S. Treasury department that maintains sanctions lists including the SDN (Specially Designated Nationals) list. OFAC-listed addresses are automatically flagged as Critical risk.
Пов'язані:Sanctions ScreeningSDN
SDN (Specially Designated Nationals)
A list maintained by OFAC of individuals, companies, and entities whose assets are blocked. Includes crypto wallet addresses associated with sanctioned actors. Updated regularly.
Пов'язані:OFAC
SAR (Suspicious Activity Report)
A document filed with financial regulators when suspicious activity is detected. Sanctuary can auto-generate SAR drafts with evidence from AML checks, reducing manual compliance work.
Пов'язані:AMLSTR
STR (Suspicious Transaction Report)
Similar to SAR but focused on specific transactions rather than overall account activity. Some jurisdictions use STR instead of SAR. Both serve the same regulatory purpose.
Пов'язані:SAR
FATF (Financial Action Task Force)
An intergovernmental organization that sets international AML standards. FATF recommendations form the basis for most national AML/CFT regulations. The FATF Travel Rule (Recommendation 16) requires VASPs to share originator and beneficiary information.
Пов'язані:Travel RuleVASP
Travel Rule
FATF Recommendation 16 requiring VASPs to exchange originator and beneficiary information for transactions above a threshold (typically $1,000). Aims to prevent anonymous cross-border transfers. Implementation varies by jurisdiction.
Пов'язані:FATFVASP
VASP (Virtual Asset Service Provider)
Any entity that provides services involving virtual assets — exchanges, custodial wallets, payment processors. VASPs are subject to AML/KYC regulations in most jurisdictions.
Пов'язані:FATFTravel Rule
Mixer / Tumbler
A service that pools and redistributes cryptocurrency to obscure the connection between sender and receiver. Tornado Cash (Ethereum) and Wasabi Wallet (Bitcoin) are well-known examples. Mixer interaction is a significant risk signal.
Пов'язані:CoinJoinObfuscation
CoinJoin
A privacy technique where multiple users combine their transactions into one, making it difficult to determine which inputs correspond to which outputs. Used by Wasabi Wallet and JoinMarket. Detected during on-chain analysis.
Пов'язані:Mixer
Transaction Graph
A visual representation of fund flows between addresses. Used in investigations to trace the origin and destination of funds. Sanctuary provides graph analysis to identify proximity to known risk entities.
Пов'язані:Hop Distance
Hop Distance
The number of intermediate transactions between two addresses. A wallet "2 hops from Tornado Cash" means funds passed through one intermediary. Closer proximity = higher risk signal.
Пов'язані:Transaction GraphMixer
False Positive
When a legitimate address is incorrectly flagged as risky. No scoring system is immune to false positives. Sanctuary provides a formal dispute process with 24-hour review for confirmed false positives.
Пов'язані:Risk ScoreDispute
Blind Protocol
Sanctuary's privacy mechanism. Raw wallet addresses are replaced with cryptographic hashes the moment they enter the system. If the database were compromised, attackers would find hashes — not addresses. The address is never stored.
Пов'язані:Zero-KnowledgePrivacy
KYT (Know Your Transaction)
Continuous monitoring of transactions rather than one-time wallet checks. KYT systems alert when a previously clean address receives funds from a risky source or when transaction patterns change.
Пов'язані:WatchlistMonitoring
Watchlist
A set of addresses monitored for risk score changes over time. When a watched wallet's risk level changes, an alert is sent via webhook or Telegram. Essential for ongoing counterparty monitoring.
Пов'язані:KYTMonitoring
Snapshot
A point-in-time record of an AML check result. Sanctuary snapshots are cryptographically signed and independently verifiable. Used as compliance evidence — the signature proves the check existed at a specific time.
Пов'язані:Evidence Pack
Evidence Pack
A collection of signed snapshots and PDF reports that document AML due diligence. Used when banks, partners, or exchanges request a review record. Includes the verdict, evidence categories, and an explanatory narrative.
Пов'язані:SnapshotPDF Report
OSINT (Open Source Intelligence)
Information gathered from publicly available sources such as blockchain explorers, forums, social media, and community reports. Sanctuary uses OSINT as one evidence category inside a governed risk review.
Пов'язані:Community Reports
MiCA (Markets in Crypto-Assets)
The EU's comprehensive regulatory framework for crypto-assets. Entered into force December 2024. Requires CASPs (Crypto-Asset Service Providers) to obtain authorization by July 2026. Mandates AML/KYC procedures, reserve requirements for stablecoins, and market abuse rules.
Пов'язані:CASPTravel RuleFATF
CASP (Crypto-Asset Service Provider)
MiCA's term for regulated crypto businesses — exchanges, custodial wallets, brokers, portfolio managers operating in EEA. CASPs must register, meet capital requirements, and implement AML procedures. Replaces the patchwork of national VASP registrations.
Пов'язані:MiCAVASP
Peel Chain
A laundering technique where an address sends a small amount to a destination, then forwards the remainder to a new address, repeating the process. Each "peel" creates a new address, making automated tracing difficult. Commonly used in Bitcoin laundering.
Пов'язані:MixerTransaction Graph
Address Poisoning
An attack where a scammer sends zero-value token transfers from a look-alike address to a victim, hoping they will copy the attacker's address from their transaction history. Over 17 million poisoning attempts were recorded on Ethereum in 2025.
Пов'язані:PhishingRisk Score
Pig Butchering
A romance-investment scam where criminals cultivate trust over weeks or months, then guide victims to transfer funds to fake investment platforms. Accounted for $5.7 billion in U.S. losses in 2025. Increasingly uses AI-generated deepfake video calls.
Пов'язані:SARSanctions Screening
Dust Attack
Sending tiny amounts of cryptocurrency ("dust") to many wallets to de-anonymize users by tracing how the dust is later consolidated. Can also be a tracking mechanism used by analytics firms or attackers.
Пов'язані:Address PoisoningPrivacy
Flash Loan
An uncollateralized DeFi loan that must be borrowed and repaid within a single transaction. Used legitimately for arbitrage, but also exploited in protocol attacks (flash loan exploits). A flash loan interaction in a wallet's history is a moderate risk signal.
Пов'язані:DeFiRisk Score
Rug Pull
A scam where token creators launch a token, attract investment, then drain all liquidity — leaving holders with worthless tokens. Sanctuary's Token Analyzer includes honeypot and rug pull scoring.
Пов'язані:HoneypotToken Analyzer
Honeypot Token
A token designed so buyers can purchase but never sell. The smart contract allows buy transactions but blocks or heavily taxes sell transactions. Detected through automated contract analysis.
Пов'язані:Rug PullToken Analyzer
Contagion Score
A measure of how much a wallet's risk is affected by its transaction partners. If you transact with a high-risk wallet, your contagion score increases based on proximity, volume, and frequency of interaction.
Пов'язані:Risk ScoreTransaction Graph
Source of Funds (SoF)
Verification of where a customer's funds originate. Required by CDD (Customer Due Diligence) regulations. On-chain, SoF analysis traces wallet deposits back to their origin — exchange deposits, mining rewards, DeFi yield, etc.
Пов'язані:CDDKYC
CDD (Customer Due Diligence)
The process of identifying and assessing customer risk. Includes Simplified (low-risk), Standard, and Enhanced (EDD) levels. On-chain CDD uses wallet screening as one input alongside traditional identity verification.
Пов'язані:EDDKYCSource of Funds
EDD (Enhanced Due Diligence)
Additional scrutiny applied to high-risk customers, PEPs (Politically Exposed Persons), or large transactions. May include manual investigation, source-of-wealth documentation, and ongoing monitoring.
Пов'язані:CDDPEP
PEP (Politically Exposed Person)
An individual who holds or has held a prominent public function — heads of state, government officials, military leaders. PEPs and their family members require enhanced due diligence due to corruption risk.
Пов'язані:EDDSanctions Screening
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